7/6/2023 0 Comments Physic particles![]() ![]() Although not yet found, the “graviton” should be the corresponding force-carrying particle of gravity. Each fundamental force has its own corresponding boson – the strong force is carried by the “gluon”, the electromagnetic force is carried by the “photon”, and the “ W and Z bosons” are responsible for the weak force. Particles of matter transfer discrete amounts of energy by exchanging bosons with each other. Three of the fundamental forces result from the exchange of force-carrier particles, which belong to a broader group called “bosons”. The strong force, as the name suggests, is the strongest of all four fundamental interactions. The weak force is weaker than the strong force and the electromagnetic force, but it is still much stronger than gravity. The weak and strong forces are effective only over a very short range and dominate only at the level of subatomic particles. The electromagnetic force also has infinite range but it is many times stronger than gravity. Gravity is the weakest but it has an infinite range. They work over different ranges and have different strengths. There are four fundamental forces at work in the universe: the strong force, the weak force, the electromagnetic force, and the gravitational force. The electron, the muon and the tau all have an electric charge and a sizeable mass, whereas the neutrinos are electrically neutral and have very little mass. The six leptons are similarly arranged in three generations – the “electron” and the “electron neutrino”, the “muon” and the “muon neutrino”, and the “tau” and the “tau neutrino”. ![]() Quarks also come in three different “colours” and only mix in such ways as to form colourless objects. The six quarks are paired in three generations – the “up quark” and the “down quark” form the first generation, followed by the “charm quark” and “strange quark”, then the “top quark” and “bottom (or beauty) quark”. All stable matter in the universe is made from particles that belong to the first generation any heavier particles quickly decay to more stable ones. The lightest and most stable particles make up the first generation, whereas the heavier and less-stable particles belong to the second and third generations. Each group consists of six particles, which are related in pairs, or “generations”. These particles occur in two basic types called quarks and leptons. Bridges – special expansion joints are fitted to allow bridges to expand and contract without bending out of shape.All matter around us is made of elementary particles, the building blocks of matter.Therefore, gaps are kept between the tracks so they have room to expand into. Railway tracks – the tracks can expand during cold weather and buckle during hot weather.We will cover thermometers in more detail later. Thermometers – in liquid-in-glass thermometers, the liquid expands as the temperature increases and rises up the glass.This causes the strip to bend at a given temperature and close the circuit, allowing a current to flow. They are made of two different metals, meaning one metal will expand faster than the other. Bimetallic strips – can be used to form temperature activated switches in circuits.The molecules can move very far apart, so gases can expand the most. Gases have the greatest relative magnitude of expansion. The molecules within a liquid have some room to move, so the liquid can expand more. Liquids have a larger relative magnitude of expansion. The molecules vibrate but stay in place, therefore the solid does not increase in size. Solids have a small relative magnitude of expansion. This depends on the amount the substance expands. Thermal expansion happens when a material is heated and molecules begin to move round, causing the material to increase in size.ĭifferent substances take up varying amounts of space when heated. Internal energy is the total kinetic energy and potential energy of all the particles (atoms and molecules) that make up a system. In the system, if you combine all the kinetic energy and potential energy, and this will give you a value for the internal energy. Internal energy is the total KE and PE.Potential energy is the energy that keeps the particles in their positions. Kinetic energy allows the particles to move. In a system, particles mainly have 2 different types of energy. Particles have kinetic (KE) and potential (PE) energy. ![]()
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